A decrease in oncotic pressure due to a low albumin level allows fluid to leak out from the interstitial spaces into the peritoneal cavity, producing ascites. Albumin is also very important in the transportation of many substances such as drugs, lipids, hormones, and toxins that are bound to albumin in the bloodstream. Once the drug or other substance reaches the liver, it is detached from the albumin and made less toxic by conversion to a water-soluble form that can be excreted.
A low serum albumin indicates poor liver function. Decreased serum albumin levels are not seen in acute liver failure because it takes several weeks of impaired albumin production before the serum albumin level drops. The most common reason for a low albumin is chronic liver failure caused by cirrhosis.
The serum albumin concentration is usually normal in chronic liver disease until cirrhosis and significant liver damage has occurred. In advanced liver disease, the serum albumin level may be less than 3. The reason for a decreasing albumin synthesis rate during gestation could either be functional or depend on the general metabolic rate. During ovine pregnancy, fetal whole-body protein synthesis rates decrease significantly throughout gestation Oxygen consumption by the ovine fetal liver has also been shown to decrease In human preterm infants, whole-body protein metabolic rates are also higher when compared with infants born at term However, human fetal liver volume as a percentage of body weight does not decrease as much throughout gestation as it does in fetal sheep The ASRs of premature fetuses measured in the current study are higher than the postnatal values from premature infants.
Having low albumin concentrations and ASRs after birth is an unfortunate situation considering that sick premature infants experience more oxidative stress after high oxygen pressure ventilation and have to deal with increased bilirubin and drug transport.
In our previous study, we showed that albumin synthesis in premature neonates is responsive to parenteral nutrition 3. Yet, the current recommended nutrient intakes for premature infants still do not appear to be sufficient to increase the albumin synthesis rates to levels observed in fetuses. This can be speculated because premature infants should theoretically be able to synthesize albumin in larger quantities as they also did while still in utero.
Although the traditional method of measuring an FSR used in premature infants is different from our infusion model, the 2 should theoretically give comparable results.
In conclusion, we showed that mature fetuses produce twice as much albumin as do their mothers per kilogram bodyweight and premature fetuses 3 times as much. Premature fetuses have higher albumin synthesis rates than do parenterally fed premature neonates, indicating that postnatal synthesis capacity is reduced or that recommended nutrient intake is not sufficient. Our method is not only applicable in fetal research, but also could be of benefit in all situations where multiple sampling is impossible or inconvenient to a subject.
In organ protein metabolism studies for example, liver, bowel, or muscle protein synthesis , the required number of tissue biopsies can be reduced to 1, instead of 2 or 3 with many currently used models 38 , In addition, our single sample method shortens sample preparation and analysis time and reduces risk on measurement artifacts.
Most of all, we thank the participating women. Furthermore, Willemijn Corpeleijn, Frans te Braake, Ad de Bruijn, and all staff from the obstetric and anesthesiology departments were a great helping hand in collecting all material and providing the facilities. None of the authors had a personal or financial conflict of interest. Neither grant supplier had any involvement whatsoever in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
Peters T Jr. All about albumin. Biochemistry, genetics, and medical applications. Google Scholar. Google Preview. Albumin synthesis in preterm infants on the first day of life studied with [1- 13 C]leucine. Albumin synthesis in premature neonates is stimulated by parenterally administered amino acids during the first days of life. Am J Clin Nutr ; 86 : — 8.
Dancis J , Shafran M. The origin of plasma proteins in the guinea pig fetus. J Clin Invest ; 37 : — 9. Sites of synthesis of plasma proteins in the foetal rat. Biochem J ; : — 3. Plasma protein synthesis in the human fetus and placenta. J Clin Invest ; 36 : — Glyburide crosses the placenta in vivo in pregnant rats.
Diabetologia ; 38 : — 6. Bilirubin metabolism in the fetus. J Clin Invest ; 43 : 32 — 9. Transport of immunoglobulin G and its subclasses across the in vitro-perfused human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol ; : — 7. Placental transfer of proteins in human gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol ; 82 : — The Selectivity of the human placenta in the transfer of plasma proteins from mother to fetus. J Clin Invest ; 43 : — Normal reference ranges for biochemical substances relating to renal, hepatic, and bone function in fetal and maternal plasma throughout pregnancy.
J Clin Pathol ; 38 : — Maternal and fetal serum protein concentration in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by proteinuric pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol ; : — 8. Slater RJ. Investigation of an infant born of a mother suffering from cirrhosis of the liver.
Pediatrics ; 13 : — Protein anabolic effects of insulin and IGF-I in the ovine fetus. Anabolic effects of insulin and IGF-I in the ovine fetus are reduced by prolonged maternal fasting. Protein kinetics determined in vivo with a multiple-tracer, single-sample protocol: application to lactase synthesis.
Am J Physiol ; : — 8. Fetal and adult albumins are indistinguishable by immunological and physicochemical criteria. Insulin's effect on synthesis rates of liver proteins. A swine model comparing various precursors of protein synthesis. Diabetes ; 50 : — Arterial KIC as marker of liver and muscle intracellular leucine pools in healthy and type 1 diabetic humans. Am J Physiol ; : E — Liver and ductus venosus blood flows in fetal lambs in utero. Circ Res ; 42 : — Portal and umbilical venous blood supply to the liver in the human fetus near term.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol ; 24 : — Whittaker PG , Lind T. The intravascular mass of albumin during human pregnancy: a serial study in normal and diabetic women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol ; : — Distribution of blood between infant and placenta after birth. Lancet ; 2 : — 3. Sellers , Clin. Ogston and C. Phelps , Biochem.
Bruns and G. Palade , J. McFarlane, D. Todd , and S. Chromwell , Clin. Regoeczi and K. Wong eds. Wolstenholme, M. Morrell , G. Gregoriadis , I. Scheinbag , J. Hickman , and G. Geshwell , J. Bianchi , G. Federighi , and P. Giagnoni eds. Birke, R. Norberg, L. Blahd , M. Fields , and R. Goldman , J. Waldmann and W. Strober , Progr. Allergy , 13 , 1 Jensen , N. Rossing , and S. Anderson , Clin. Mogielnicki , T. Waldmann , and W.
Strober , J. Bonorris , and A. Seelers , J. Katz , A. Sellers , and G. Bonorris , J. Bourdeau , F. Carone , and C. Ganote , J. Cohen and A. Gordon , Biochem. Freeman , A. Gordon , and J. Humphrey , Brit. Beeken , J. Gabathuler and J. Rhyser, Proc. Ehrenreich and Z. Cohn , J. Goldfischer , A. Novikoff , A. Albala , and L. Biempica , J.
Wilkinson , B. Pinto , and J. Senior , New England J. Jeejeebhoy , A. Samuel , B. Singh , G. Nadkarni , H. Desai , A. Borkar , and L. Manl Gastroenterology , 56 , Ker , J. Dubois , and P. Holt , J. Horowitz and F. Hollander , J. Jeffries , H. Holman , and M.
Sleisenger , New England J. Brooks and W. Dobbins , Gastroenterology , 62, , Invest , 41 , Weiss and R. Davis , J. Weiss , J. East , L. Louis , and R. Hoffenberg , Exp. Cell Res. Schreiber and M. Jeejeebhoy , J. Gordon , R. Greenberg , M. Phillips , A. Bruce-Robertson, and U. Sodke , Biochem.
Russell and D. Geller , Biochem. Quinn , M. Gamble , and J. Judah , Biochem. Campbell , F. Arnstein ed. Adelman , D. Sabatin , and G. Blobel , J. Harrison , G. Brownlee , and C. Mechler and P. Vassalli , J. Blobel and B. Dobberstein , J. Henshaw , D. Judah, J. Calcium ion-dependent vesicle fusion in the conversion of proalbumin to albumin. Nature : — Brennan, S. Circulating proalbumin associated with a variant proteinase inhibitor.
Acta : 24— Jeans, E. Plasma protein fractionation. Trends Biotechnol. Lawn, R. The sequence of human serum albumin cDNA and its expression in E. Dugaiczyk, A. Nucleotide sequence and the encoded amino acids of human serum albumin mRNA.
USA 79 : 71— Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages. Article Google Scholar. Boss, M. Assembly of functional antibodies from immunoglobulin heavy and light chains synthesized in E.
Bernard, H. Construction of plasmid vehicles that promote gene expression from the bacteriophage lambda P L promoter. Gene 5 : 59— Hsu, S. Kenten, J. USA 81 : — Emtage, J. Synthesis of calf prochymosin prorennin in E. USA 80 : — Simons, G.
High level expression of human interferon gamma in E. Gene 28 : 55— Serum albumin, p. In: The Plasma Proteins , Vol. I Putnam, F. Academic Press, New York. Chapter Google Scholar.
Taylor, R. Enzyme-like activities associated with albumin, p. In : Albumin Structure, Function and Uses. Rosenoer, V.
0コメント